Metrics, Metrics, Metrics, oh my!!
With the recent (very welcome) release of calculated metrics in Google Analytics, I thought that the time was ripe to write a post about
custom metrics in GA. Towards the end of this post you will see why I believe that custom metrics are quite a germane topic to discuss in relationship with calculated metrics. I will also touch on how the launch of calculated metrics is another big value prop when it comes to GA Premium (even though they aren’t a GAP only feature).
I believe that custom metrics are painfully underused in Google Analytics implementations. Believe it or not, my browser console is oftentimes open when I’m browsing the web (
you should believe it). I do a lot of
spying investigating of websites’ implementations by looking at the data that they send to GA , and I do not see custom metrics being deployed almost at all.
Dimensions and Metrics
Before we dive into custom metrics and calculated metrics, let’s take a step back and define “metrics”. There are a
number of
different articles which define dimensions and metrics. I have chosen to quote
Paul Koks and then go on to discuss in my own words (recognizing that my own understanding of dimensions and metrics comes from reading those who precede me in the industry). In Paul’s words:
- A dimension is a characteristic of an object that can be given different values —> a dimension describes data
- A metric is an individual element of a dimension which can be measured as a sum or ratio —> a metric measures data
So, there we have it. Dimensions describe data and metrics measure data. Dimensions will make up the rows in a table report whereas metrics will populate the columns. Metrics
are the data. Metrics
increment, they
count things. Metrics will invariably be a number, be it an integer, a ratio, a percentage etc… As of today (if I counted correctly), there are 189 metrics available in the
Google Analytics API.
Custom Metrics & Event Tracking (Measuring User Interactions)
So here is where metrics begin to get interesting. Or, as my friend
Jacques Warren once said to me, custom metrics are “basically where reports really start making sense to a business.” Standard metrics in Google Analytics are meaningless by themselves. This is mostly true of custom metrics as well. Remember, they are just
counters, so when they are stand-alone they lack any
context. Meaning
must be derived through segmentation, and that means drilling down into the dimensions which
describe your data. While custom metrics won’t solve the context problem for you completely, they do so partially, which is why I love them so much.
Let’s start by taking a look at how some standard metrics in Google Analytics are used to measure user behavior. I’m going to start with Event Tracking, using an ecommerce site as my example. Event tracking is used to track
interactions with a website or app. Those interactions are usually some form of click, form submit, tap (for mobile), etc which translate into discreet
actions that a user is taking.
In the above example, my Event Category (a dimension) is “Product Page”. It serves as a descriptor for the Event Action (which also a dimension), which describes the
metric (total events). Notice how total events is simply a number. It counts how many times an action in rows 1-6 happened.
Now let’s say I want to get some more context about the Add to Basket event is being tracked. One way that I can get at this information is via Custom Reports. With a custom report, I can drill down into different dimensions as a way of getting more granular context in my data.
Similarly, by using the Pivot feature in reports will allow you to provide additional context to your metrics.
But in all of these examples, the metric
itself, “total events”
, still lacks context. In order to know “total events” of what, I need to refer to my dimensions.
Custom Metrics in Google Analytics are unique in the fact that they are “named values”; they can also
describe the interaction that they are measuring. Just like custom dimensions, the name of the custom metric is set in the GA Admin section.
Notice how each of the actions that the user can take on the product page is now being tracked as a metric. This is really powerful as now I can build a custom report and pair these custom metrics with almost any dimension (limitations to be discussed below).
Translation from Google Translate. I don’t speak French
Another example is from a site that has has restaurant reviews. On an individual restaurant details the user is able to view a menu, check hours, add a calendar reminder about their reservation, or even order food online.
As you can see, custom metrics make the data model in Google Analytics
much more flexible. As far as event tracking goes, I highly recommend taking 10 or 15 most meaningful events (user interactions) and tracking them with a custom metric as well. In my humble opinion, custom metrics can be seen as “event tracking on steroids” (almost the title of this post). Context gives meaning to data. These data points, since they are named, are now much more meaningful than just being a “total event”. While the pivot function in certain GA reports can get you kind of close to what you see in the table above, it is by far not a replacement for have a native metric in GA.
Tracking $$$
In addition to super charging your tracking of user interaction with your site, I find custom metrics to be wonderful when it comes to tracking financial data. My favorite custom metric in this regards is
gross profit, though with some hard work tracking net profit is possible in Google Analytics as well (though that would like require some calculated metrics also).
In almost all of our ecommerce implementations, we try to track the following metrics when available.
- Original Price / List Price
- This is $119.99 for the item above
- Displayed Price
- This is $109.00 for the item above
- Product Level Discount
- This is product level savings, $10.99
- Order Coupon Value per Product
- If a 15% coupon is applied to the whole cart, that 15% is applied equally to every product. For our product above that would $16.35
- Product Revenue
- This is a standard metric (not custom), that represents the actual value of transacted revenue per product
- Cost of Goods Sold
- FWIW, I bet a bunch of folks are making a killing on that Lego set.
- Gross Profit
- Product Revenue minus COGS
The results are totally terrific. 🙂
The above image shows the breakdown of sales by brand (including how much was discounted at point of sale by brand). With the above custom metrics in place, I can quite clearly see the impact of discounting / sales / promotions etc on any product level dimension or on session and user level dimensions. In other words, I could run reports to see how much money was being left on the table by channel, by geography, by customer type, by gender, by age group. The list goes on and on.
Some Technical Points
WARNING: If you don’t like reading about technical aspects of Google Analytics and implementations, just skip to the next section.
For reasons I understand, but don’t particularly like, custom metrics are “scoped” (as are custom dimensions). In other words, they need to be set to a particular data scope in the Google Analytics admin in order to be processed into reports. Custom metrics support two scopes, Hit and Product. Metrics will be processed and then reported on as either integers, currency, or time (measured in seconds).
When hit level data is sent to Google Analytics, the parameter / value combination matches the following format: cmXX={{value}} where XX is the index of the custom metric. The actual name of the metric that you see in reports is configured in the admin, just as you would configure a custom dimension (as in the image earlier in this post). So let’s say I wanted to track an Add to Wishlist interaction with a custom metric, I would use the following code:
ga(‘send’, ‘event’, ‘Product Page’, ‘Add to Wishlist’, ‘Expensive Stars Wars Lego Set’, {‘metric2’: 1});
In Google Tag Manager, you can configure the event set a custom metric index and value directly in the event tag.
Unfortunately, GTM is using a “set” command for a custom metric, which means that the value will persist for the same tracking object. If you’re using a named tracker, you’re in trouble because all future hits will have that value set. Even though most people default to
not using a named tracker, this still creates problem for custom metrics that are sent with pageviews, as
page timing hits will use the same tracking object even when no default tracker name is chosen. It can get really nasty with single page sites (think angular.js) 🙁
Hashtag #booooo. (There are workarounds using hitcallbacks, but I still #boo the need to resort to those implementation acrobatics, when pure hit level manipulation in GTM
should be available).
Product scoped custom metrics are coded as part of the product actionFieldObject. This makes perfect sense as the metric is meant to track a particular value associated with a particular action. For example, the
value of the product added or removed from cart (a good article if you’re interested in a practical walkthrough of how product level custom metrics are implemented). Or any of the discount / profit metrics that I mentioned above for the “transaction” action (say that five times fast). Since multiple products can be associated with a particular hit, you can pass through the product level discount for each product on a “purchase” action that uses a pageview hit as the data transport mechanism.
The data is sent to GA as in a &prXXcmXX format, which stands for
product {{number}} and
cm {{number}}
Limitations of “product scope”
One particular thorn in my side when it comes implementing custom metrics for Enhanced Ecommerce implementations is the inability to track interactions with products outside of the predefined “dictionary” that Google supports when it comes to interactions with products.
Those actions are (I’m quoting):
- click
- A click on a product or product link for one or more products.
- detail
- A view of product details.
- add
- Adding one or more products to a shopping cart.
- remove
- Remove one or more products from a shopping cart.
- checkout
- Initiating the checkout process for one or more products.
- checkout_option
- Sending the option value for a given checkout step.
- purchase
- The sale of one or more products.
- refund
- The refund of one or more products.
- promo_click
- A click on an internal promotion.
That means that Adding to Wish List, Adding to Registry, Viewing Product Video, Clicking on Cross-sell, Social Sharing, Writing a Review, Asking A Question, etc etc cannot be tracked on a product level in the same way that the other items are tracked. As of this post, changing the actionFieldObject to some use other name (so that you don’t inflate “adds” or “clicks”) and setting a product level custom metric to capture the interaction with the product will simply
fail. This means that in order to track information about product interactions that are not part of the Enhanced Ecommerce dictionary, you’ll need to use hit level tracking (events). As such, collecting important data such as Wish List Adds per product or per brand request will require the use of “hit level” custom dimensions, not product level.
Calculated Metrics
So far we’ve seen how custom metrics are super useful, that they add a particular flexibility to the data you collect in GA (pivoted data galore), and how they are indeed critical for tracking the metrics that
really matter (profit!). The reason that the release of calculated metrics was a catalyst for me to write about custom metrics is because in order create calculated metrics, you need to use metrics. “HUH?” Yes, that’s correct. I did just say that. Let me illustrate what I mean with a few examples.
My first example is from my friend
Peter O’Neill’s post about using calculated metrics to measure conversion funnel completion rates.
Image ripped without written permission from Peter
To see the percentage of sessions where users viewed a product out of the total sessions where users viewed the ecommerce portion of the site (i.e. the store as opposed to the blog), you need
two metrics, sessions with views of store and sessions with views of product page. The simplest way to get these two metrics is to create goals for each of these steps (something that you should be doing in any case). You then divide Goal X by Goal Y. Pretty straightforward, relatively benign. Create goals to get measures of number of sessions where a core action was taken
My second example is from
my friend Charles Farina, who has a nice article with 25 calculated metric examples which includes some basic “how-to” in terms of setup. The example is “video completion rate.” He mentions, as an aside, that in order to create this calculated metric, you’ll need custom metrics. Why are custom metrics needed, you ask? Well, let’s look at how I would normally calculate video completion rate.
Note the numbers here. The number of sessions where the video was completely viewed was 20,451 times. That metric, 20,451, in Google Analytics is called “unique events”. It is
not “number of video completions”. A calculated metric in GA cannot divide the value in row 7 by a value in row 1. In can
only calculate values (add, subtract, multiply, divide)
between columns. I also need to stress that custom metrics, since they can be used for a wide variety of purposes (including creating custom visit scoring!!), will not have any “uniques” applied to them, pageviews, content views, or events do. This is a pretty big limitation, though I don’t see it see it changing any time soon.
In any case, the ability to calculate metrics in Google Analytics has made the platform much more powerful, but a huge amount of that power now lies in properly implementing custom metrics.
Custom Metrics, Calculated Metrics, and Google Analytics Premium
The launch of calculated metrics creates another major differentiation between Google Analytics Standard and Google Analytics Premium. For a long time, I have believed that the number of custom dimensions available for GAP (200!) vs. GA Standard (20) was one of the most core selling points for larger companies who would be considering Premium. Then I began to fall in love with custom metrics and I’ve added that to the list too (again, 200 vs. 20). With calculated metrics, the GA Premium folks get a healthy 50 metrics to get them going, while the rest of world must settle with a meager 5. Yup, just 5. :-/
Closing Thoughts
Over the past 2 years or so, I have become a bigger and bigger fan of custom metrics. The release of calculated metrics in GA makes the possibilities of what the tool can do only more awesome. To be clear, the release of calculated metrics doesn’t change the final output that analysts such as myself or my colleagues would be providing to our clients. And I don’t expect tools like Excel to drop significantly in their utility just because GA launched calculated metrics. But I totally adore the direction Google Analytics is going in allowing for better and better analysis capabilities natively in the tool. To whatever extent GA ends up developing into a one ring to rule them all central BI hub, well… I, for one, welcome our analytics overlords.
